ABSTRACT
Coronaviruses, mainly including severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Middle East respiratory syndrome virus, human coronavirus OC43, chicken infectious bronchitis virus, porcine infectious gastroenteritis virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and murine hepatitis virus, can cause severe diseases in humans and livestock. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is infecting millions of human beings with high morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the multiplicity of swine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus in swine suggests that coronaviruses seriously jeopardize the safety of public health and that therapeutic intervention is urgently needed. Currently, the most effective methods of prevention and control for coronaviruses are vaccine immunization and pharmacotherapy. However, the emergence of mutated viruses reduces the effectiveness of vaccines. In addition, vaccine developments often lag behind, making it difficult to put them into use early in the outbreak. Therefore, it is meaningful to screen safe, cheap, and broad-spectrum antiviral agents for coronaviruses. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms and state of anti-human and porcine coronavirus drugs, in order to provide theoretical support for the development of anti-coronavirus drugs and other antivirals.
ABSTRACT
Mitophagy, which is able to selectively clear excess or damaged mitochondria, plays a vital role in the quality control of mitochondria and the maintenance of normal mitochondrial functions in eukaryotic cells. Mitophagy is involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including apoptosis, innate immunity, inflammation, cell differentiation, signal transduction, and metabolism. Viral infections cause physical dysfunction and thus pose a significant threat to public health. An accumulating body of evidence reveals that some viruses hijack mitophagy to enable immune escape and self-replication. In this review, we systematically summarize the pathway of mitophagy initiation and discuss the functions and mechanisms of mitophagy in infection with classical swine fever virus and other specific viruses, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of related diseases.